一个美国人类学家的中国情结

人类学在聚焦世界各地人们的生活及其方式的过程中,一直致力于成为一门客观性的科学。最近,女性人类学者们的一些活动则为表达主观观点,传达个人情感及检验人类学者和研究群体间的关系开辟了道路。这篇文章审视了我个人一生对中国的美好情感,而我的这种情感于 2000 年参加在北京举行的IUAES(国际人类学民族学联合会中期会议)时达到高潮。     

影响林木种子贮藏的因素

为了每年提供造林新需的具有生活力的种子及长期保存种质资源,贮藏种子是必要的手段。种子寿命具有遗传性,且因树种而异。种子的贮藏特性可以分成5类:正常型、亚正常型、温带顽拗型、热带顽拗型和中间型。种子含水量和贮藏温度是影响种子贮藏是否成功的两个最重要因素。但因树种及其贮藏特性不同,种子含水量和贮藏温度的最适值也不同。为了保持正常型和亚正常型种子的生活力,这类种子必须密封贮藏;但对顽拗型种子,因其需要保持种子的代谢活性及要进行有氧呼吸,则需要气体交换。     

一种用于结构动态过程数值模拟的广义有限元法

提出了一种能同时处理连续体和离散体动态过程的有限元法. 该法通过构造接触力模型, 将传统的离散元当做标准的一节点有限单元来看待. 新构造的一节点单元与常规有限单元具有同样物理特征, 包括应力和应变. 从而, 将离散元算法与有限元算法紧密结合在一起, 形成了统一的、与现有有限元系统兼容的广义有限元计算模型. 这种模型不仅简化了计算过程, 还可最大限度地发挥现有有限元代码的功能. 数值算例表明, 新方法可以更加有效地模拟大量离散体与连续体相互作用的复杂动力学过程.     

Microbial starch-binding domains are superior to granule-bound starch synthase I for anchoring luciferase to potato starch granules

Microbial starch-binding domains (SBD) and granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) are proteins which are accumulated in potato starch granules. The efficiency of SBD and GBSSI for targeting active luciferase reporter proteins to granules during starch biosynthesis was compared. GBSSI or SBD sequences were fused to the N- or C-terminus of the luciferase (LUC) gene, via an artificial Pro-Thr encoding linker sequence. The genes were introduced into an amylose-free (amf) potato mutant. It appeared that SBD was superior to GBSSI as a targeting sequence, mainly because the luciferase retained higher activity in the SBD-containing fusion proteins than in the GBSSI-containing ones.     

Towards genetic genome projects: genomic library screening and gene-targeting vector construction in a single step.

We have developed technologies that simplify genomic library construction and screening, substantially reducing both the time and the cost associated with traditional library screening methods and facilitating the generation of gene-targeting constructs. By taking advantage of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli, we were able to use as little as 80 bp of total sequence homology to screen for a specific gene from a genomic library in plasmid or phage form. This method, called recombination cloning (REC), takes only a few days instead of the several weeks required for traditional plaque-lift methods. In addition, because every clone in the mouse genomic library we have constructed has a negative selection marker adjacent to the genomic insert, REC screening can generate gene-targeting vectors in one step, from library screening to finished construct. Conditional targeting constructs can be generated easily with minimal additional manipulation.     

The extent of linkage disequilibrium in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD), the nonrandom occurrence of alleles in haplotypes, has long been of interest to population geneticists. Recently, the rapidly increasing availability of genomic polymorphism data has fueled interest in LD as a tool for fine-scale mapping, in particular for human disease loci. The chromosomal extent of LD is crucial in this context, because it determines how dense a map must be for associations to be detected and, conversely, limits how finely loci may be mapped. Arabidopsis thaliana is expected to harbor unusually extensive LD because of its high degree of selfing. Several polymorphism studies have found very strong LD within individual loci, but also evidence of some recombination. Here we investigate the pattern of LD on a genomic scale and show that in global samples, LD decays within approximately 1 cM, or 250 kb. We also show that LD in local populations may be much stronger than that of global populations, presumably as a result of founder events. The combination of a relatively high level of polymorphism and extensive haplotype structure bodes well for developing a genome-wide LD map in A. thaliana.     

重载流多芯电缆周围的磁场 Ⅰ. 理论模型

多芯电力电缆在低压配电系统中常被用作配电干线，这种重载流电缆周围的极低频磁场可能干扰附近敏感电子设备的正常运行，甚至影响暴露于该场下的人体的健康，为分析这种磁场的分布特性，建立了多芯电缆周围磁场的载流平行螺旋线模型，并推导了周围磁场的简化计算公式，基于所提出的理想模型对电缆周围电磁的特性进行了分析，发现在电缆的半径方向上磁场随距离衰减的速度大于指数衰减速度，在平行于电缆轴线的直线上和在电缆抽轴圆周线上，磁场的幅值和相角都随观测点的位置周期变化，理论计算结果表明，常用规格的多芯电力电缆在载额定电流的情况下，距电缆2m外空间中的磁场已小于有关国际标准的限值。     

长白山采集的中国东北新记录苔藓植物

在对中国和加拿大苔藓学者联合于中国东北最高的长白山采集的2千余份标本鉴定的基础上。认定有苔藓植物59科，152属，300种。报道了中国大陆新记录1属－小曲柄藓属（Campylostelium）。中国东北新记录2属－直蓑衣藓属（Macrocoma）和同叶藓属（Isopterygium）。中国东北新记录5种－褶叶裂叶苔（Lophozia incisa）。假狗牙藓（Cynodontium fallax）。细枝牛毛藓（Ditrichum gracile）。散叶牛毛藓（Ditrichum divarcatum）和细叶棉藓（Plagiothecium latebricola）。     

广西产眼镜王蛇毒α-神经毒素基因的分子克隆及序列分析

为获得眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah，简称Oh）蛇毒α－神经毒素（α-NT）的基因序列，依据眼镜蛇科不同毒蛇种类来源的α－NT基因有较高的同源性，设计1对上下游引物，为克服引物带来模糊扩增，在蛋白编码部分再设计1对上下游特异引物，用Nacleospin RNA Kit法从3条活眼镜王蛇毒腺中提取mRNA，以3′端引物合成的cDNA作为模板进行PCR扩增反应，测定产物的核苷酸序列，得到全长474bp的眼镜王蛇cDNA基因核苷酸序列。该核苷酸序列的信号肽与眼镜蛇树属Pseudonnaja textilis(Pt)、海蛇Laticauda semifasciata(Ls)100%同源，与眼镜蛇南洋亚种Naja sputatrix (Ns)、银环蛇（Bungarus multicinctus)(Bm)96.8%同源；蛋白密码部分有83．3％与Ns、79．2％与Pt、76．4％与Ls、74．1％与Bm同源。信号肽后紧接着的72个氨基酸有90．3％与已发现的眼镜王蛇毒长链α-NT Toxin a同源，大约有73．6％与Toxin b、69．7％与Oh-4、66．7％与Oh-5、56．9％与Oh-6A和6B同源，并与α－银环蛇毒素54．2％同源。说明新发现的眼镜王蛇cDNA是一条长链α-NT基因。     

Palaeolake and palaeoenvironment between 42 and 18 kaBP in tengger desert, NW China

Comprehensive field investigations and laboratory analyses show that palaeolakes, including fresh- mesohaline water Megalake Tengger and other semi-con- nected, isolated water bodies, during late Pleistocene covered an area of more than 20000 km², which is more than half of the Tengger Desert in NW China. Stratigraphic correlation and chronological evidence indicate that before ca. 42000 aBP the area was more arid. The palaeolakes started to develop around 40000 uncal. ¹⁴C aBP but until 37000 ¹⁴C aBP their scope was limited. High water levels established from 35000 ¹⁴C aBP lasted until 22000 ¹⁴CaBP. Lake levels regressed between 22000 and 20000 ¹⁴C aBP but transgressed from 20000 to 18600 ¹⁴C aBP. Subsequently, water level declined further and the Megalake Tengger finally desiccated at around 18000 ¹⁴C aBP. Megalake Tengger possessed a fresh-mesohaline water property, implying that the regional precipitation increased significantly. During the period of Megalake Tengger, the climate was warmer-humid than present. The annual rainfall was 250 to 350 mm more than that of today and the temperature was 1.5 to 3.0℃ higher.